Design and installation of ground source heat pump systems for commercial and residential buildings
Preface
This is the second edition of CSA/ANSI/IGSHPA C448 Series, Design and installation of ground source heat pump systems for commercial and residential buildings. It supersedes the previous edition published in 2016, and in 2013 and 2002 under the title Design and installation of earth energy systems. The CSA/ANSI/IGSHPA C448 Series now consists of the following parts:
- CSA/ANSI/IGSHPA C448.0, Design and installation of ground source heat pump systems — General applications for all systems
- CSA/ANSI/IGSHPA C448.1, Design and installation of ground source heat pump systems for residential and other small buildings
- CSA/ANSI/IGSHPA C448.2, Design and installation of ground source heat pump systems for commercial and institutional buildings
- CSA/ANSI/IGSHPA C448.3, Planning, design, installation, and commissioning of district energy systems
- CSA/ANSI/IGSHPA C448.4, Installation of vertical configured closed-loop ground source heat pump systems
- CSA/ANSI/IGSHPA C448.5, Installation of horizontal configured closed-loop ground source heat pump systems
- CSA/ANSI/IGSHPA C448.6, Design and installation of surface water heat pump systems
- CSA/ANSI/IGSHPA C448.7, Design and installation groundwater systems
- CSA/ANSI/IGSHPA C448.8, Installation of standing column well systems
- CSA/ANSI/IGSHPA C448.9, Design and installation of ground source heat pump systems connected to energy foundations
- CSA/ANSI/IGSHPA C448.10, Installation of direct exchange heat pump systems. CSA/ANSI/IGSHPA C448.0 contains requirements applicable to any system within the scope of the CSA/ANSI/IGSHPA C448 Series. CSA/ANSI/IGSHPA C448.1 has alternative requirements for houses and small buildings. For systems within the scope of CSA/ANSI/IGSHPA C448.1, either CSA/ANSI/IGSHPA C448.1 or CSA/ANSI/IGSHPA C448.2 may be followed. This edition introduces requirements for district energy systems and energy foundations. CSA Group gratefully acknowledges that the development of this Series was made possible, in part, by the financial support of Efficiency Manitoba and the Plastics Pipe Institute. CSA Group gratefully acknowledges the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) for its permission to use material from the ASHRAE Handbook — HVAC Applications, Peachtree Corners, Georgia, USA; and ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, USA, for permission to use material from ASTM F412. This Series was prepared by the following Subcommittee and Task Forces: • Subcommittee on Ground Source Heat Pump Systems; • Task Force on General Requirements (C448.0); • Task Force on Residential Requirements (C448.1); • Task Force on Commercial Requirements (C448.2); • Task Force on District Energy Systems (C448.3); • Task Force on Vertical Requirements (C448.4); • Task Force on Horizontal Requirements (C448.5); • Task Force on Surface Water (C448.6); • Task Force on Groundwater Systems (C448.7); • Task Force on Standing Column Well Systems (C448.8); • Task Force on Energy Foundations (C448.9); • Task Force on Direct exchange Heat Pump Systems (C448.10); • Task Force on Piping; • Task Force on Thermal Conductivity Testing; • Task Force on Heat Exchange Fluid; and • Task Force on Wastewater Energy Transfer (Annex E), under the jurisdiction of the Technical Committee on Ground and Water Source Heat Pumps and the Strategic Steering Committee on Performance, Energy Efficiency, and Renewables, and has been formally approved by the Technical Committee. This Series has been developed in compliance with Standards Council of Canada requirements for National Standards of Canada. It has been published as a National Standard of Canada by CSA Group. This Series has been approved by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) as an American National Standard. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CSA/ANSI/IGSHPA C448.0:25 - Design and installation of ground source heat pump systems — General applications for all systems Scope

1.1 Standard application
This Standard applies to ground source heat pumps and systems using groundwater, surface water, wastewater, or the ground as a thermal source or sink for heating and/or cooling, with or without a supplementary heating source.

1.2 New and retrofit installations
This Standard applies to new and retrofit installations.

1.3 Minimum requirements
This Standard covers minimum requirements for equipment and material selection, site survey, system design, installation, testing and verification, documentation, and commissioning and decommissioning.

1.4 Terminology
In this Standard, "shall" is used to express a requirement, i.e., a provision that the user is obliged to satisfy in order to comply with the standard; "should" is used to express a recommendation or that which is advised but not required; and "may" is used to express an option or that which is permissible within the limits of the standard. Notes accompanying clauses do not include requirements or alternative requirements; the purpose of a note accompanying a clause is to separate from the text explanatory or informative material. Notes to tables and figures are considered part of the table or figure and may be written as requirements. Annexes are designated normative (mandatory) or informative (nonmandatory) to define their application.

1.5 Dual measurements
The values given in SI units are the units of record for the purposes of this Standard. The values given in parentheses are for information and comparison only. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CSA/ANSI/IGSHPA C448.1:25 - Design and installation of ground source heat pump systems for residential and other small buildings Scope Clause 1 of CSA/ANSI/IGSHPA C448.0 applies in this Standard. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CSA/ANSI/IGSHPA C448.2:25 - Design and installation of ground source heat pump systems for commercial and institutional buildings Scope Clause 1 of CSA/ANSI/IGSHPA C448.0 applies in this Standard. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CSA/ANSI/IGSHPA C448.3:25 - Planning, design, installation, and commissioning of district energy systems Scope

1.1 Inclusions
This Standard applies to district energy systems which implies connection of all building types, residential, non-residential, or a combination of the two. This Standard applies only to hydronic district energy systems providing ambient water, chilled water, or heating hot water.

1.2 Exclusions
This Standard does not cover requirements for source and sinks or associated ground heat exchangers as defined in CSA/ANSI/IGSHPA C448.0, Clause 3.

1.3 Dual measurements
The values given in SI units are the units of record for the purposes of this Standard. The values given in parentheses are for information and comparison only.

1.4 Terminology
In this Standard, "shall" is used to express a requirement, i.e., a provision that the user is obliged to satisfy in order to comply with the standard; "should" is used to express a recommendation or that which is advised but not required; and "may" is used to express an option or that which is permissible within the limits of the Standard. Notes accompanying clauses do not include requirements or alternative requirements; the purpose of a note accompanying a clause is to separate from the text explanatory or informative material. Notes to tables and figures are considered part of the table or figure and may be written as requirements. Annexes are designated normative (mandatory) or informative (non-mandatory) to define their application. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CSA/ANSI/IGSHPA C448.4:25 - Installation of vertical configured closed-loop ground heat exchangers Scope

1.1 Inclusions
This Standard applies to vertical closed-loop ground heat exchangers that are to be connected to a ground source heat pump system and used as a thermal source and sink for heating and cooling applications. Vertical closed-loop ground heat exchangers that are intended for connection to a direct expansion ground source heat pump are covered under CSA/ANSI/IGSHPA C448.10.

1.2 Thermal energy storage systems
This Standard also applies to the vertical closed-loop ground heat exchanger portion of a thermal energy storage system.

1.3 Minimum requirements
This Standard covers the minimum requirements for site survey, material selections, installation, testing and verification, documentation, commissioning, and decommissioning.

1.4 Dual measurements
The values given in SI units are the units of record for the purposes of this Standard. The values given in parentheses are for information and comparison only.

1.5 Terminology
In this Standard, "shall" is used to express a requirement, i.e., a provision that the user is obliged to satisfy in order to comply with the standard; "should" is used to express a recommendation or that which is advised but not required; and "may" is used to express an option or that which is permissible within the limits of the standard. Notes accompanying clauses do not include requirements or alternative requirements; the purpose of a note accompanying a clause is to separate from the text explanatory or informative material. Notes to tables and figures are considered part of the table or figure and may be written as requirements. Annexes are designated normative (mandatory) or informative (nonmandatory) to define their application. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CSA/ANSI/IGSHPA C448.5:25 - Installation of horizontal configured closed-loop ground source heat pump systems Scope

1.1 Application
This Standard applies to horizontal closed-loop ground heat exchangers that are to be connected to a ground source heat pump system and used as a thermal source or sink for heating and cooling applications.

1.2 Additional applications
This Standard also applies to the horizontal closed-loop ground heat exchanger portion of a thermal energy storage system.

1.3 Minimum requirements
This Standard covers the minimum requirements for site survey, material selections, installation, testing and verification, documentation, commissioning, and decommissioning.

1.4 Dual measurements
The values given in SI units are the units of record for the purposes of this Standard. The values given in parentheses are for information and comparison only.

1.5 Terminology
In this Standard, "shall" is used to express a requirement, i.e., a provision that the user is obliged to satisfy in order to comply with the standard; "should" is used to express a recommendation or that which is advised but not required; and "may" is used to express an option or that which is permissible within the limits of the standard. Notes accompanying clauses do not include requirements or alternative requirements; the purpose of a note accompanying a clause is to separate from the text explanatory or informative material. Notes to tables and figures are considered part of the table or figure and may be written as requirements. Annexes are designated normative (mandatory) or informative (nonmandatory) to define their application. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CSA/ANSI/IGSHPA C448.6:25 - Design and installation of surface water heat pump systems Scope

1.1 Inclusions
This Standard applies to surface water heat exchangers, submerged and aboveground, which are to be connected to a ground source heat pump system and used as a thermal source or sink for heating and cooling applications.

1.2 Minimum requirements
This Standard covers the minimum and specific requirements for the site survey, design, installation, and decommissioning of surface water heat exchangers.

1.3 Dual measurements
The values given in SI units are the units of record for the purposes of this Standard. The values given in parentheses are for information and comparison only.

1.4 Terminology
In this Standard, "shall" is used to express a requirement, i.e., a provision that the user is obliged to satisfy in order to comply with the standard; "should" is used to express a recommendation or that which is advised but not required; and "may" is used to express an option or that which is permissible within the limits of the standard. Notes accompanying clauses do not include requirements or alternative requirements; the purpose of a note accompanying a clause is to separate from the text explanatory or informative material. Notes to tables and figures are considered part of the table or figure and may be written as requirements. Annexes are designated normative (mandatory) or informative (nonmandatory) to define their application. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CSA/ANSI/IGSHPA C448.7:25 - Design and installation of groundwater systems Scope

1.1 Inclusions
This Standard applies to ground heat exchanger systems that use groundwater to provide a heat source (and/or heat sink) for ground source heat pump systems. These systems pump water from aquifers to be used as a heat exchange medium in a heat pump system and return the water to the same aquifers. These systems are commonly referred to as "open-loop systems" or "aquifer thermal energy storage systems" (ATES).

1.2 Requirements
This Standard covers the minimum requirements for site survey, design considerations, material selections, installation, testing and verification, documentation, commissioning, and decommissioning.

1.3 Terminology
In this Standard, "shall" is used to express a requirement, i.e., a provision that the user is obliged to satisfy in order to comply with the standard; "should" is used to express a recommendation or that which is advised but not required; and "may" is used to express an option or that which is permissible within the limits of the Standard. Notes accompanying clauses do not include requirements or alternative requirements; the purpose of a note accompanying a clause is to separate from the text explanatory or informative material. Notes to tables and figures are considered part of the table or figure and may be written as requirements. Annexes are designated normative (mandatory) or informative (non-mandatory) to define their application.

1.4 Dual measurements
The values given in SI units are the units of record for the purposes of this Standard. The values given in parentheses are for information and comparison only. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CSA/ANSI/IGSHPA C448.8:25 - Installation of standing column well systems Scope

1.1 Scope
This Standard applies to SCW earth source heat exchangers which are to be connected to a ground source heat pump system and used as a thermal source or sink for heating and cooling applications. Note: In certain jurisdictions, a "dual purpose SCW" can also serve as a residential water well. In those jurisdictions, additional requirements can apply.

1.2 Inclusions
This Standard also applies to the standing column well heat exchanger, in-building interface, and ground source heat pump portions of a thermal energy transfer system.

1.3 Requirements
This Standard covers the minimum requirements for site survey, material selections, electrical, flows, testing and verification, documentation, commissioning, maintenance, and decommissioning of residential and commercial and industrial (C&I) standing column well applications. In-building integration is also covered in this Standard.

1.4 Dual measurements
The values given in SI units are the units of record for the purposes of this Standard. The values given in parentheses are for information and comparison only.

1.5 Terminology
In this Standard, "shall" is used to express a requirement, i.e., a provision that the user is obliged to satisfy in order to comply with the standard; "should" is used to express a recommendation or that which is advised but not required; and "may" is used to express an option or that which is permissible within the limits of the standard. Notes accompanying clauses do not include requirements or alternative requirements; the purpose of a note accompanying a clause is to separate from the text explanatory or informative material. Notes to tables and figures are considered part of the table or figure and may be written as requirements. Annexes are designated normative (mandatory) or informative (nonmandatory) to define their application. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CSA/ANSI/IGSHPA C448.9:25 - Design and installation of ground source heat pump systems connected to energy foundations Scope

1.1 Inclusions
This Standard applies to GSHP systems that use ground heat exchange loops installed within a building’s foundation structure as heat exchangers.

1.2 Dual measurements
The values given in SI units are the units of record for the purposes of this Standard. The values given in parentheses are for information and comparison only.

1.3 Terminology
In this Standard, "shall" is used to express a requirement, i.e., a provision that the user is obliged to satisfy in order to comply with the standard; "should" is used to express a recommendation or that which is advised but not required; and "may" is used to express an option or that which is permissible within the limits of the standard. Notes accompanying clauses do not include requirements or alternative requirements; the purpose of a note accompanying a clause is to separate from the text explanatory or informative material. Notes to tables and figures are considered part of the table or figure and may be written as requirements. Annexes are designated normative (mandatory) or informative (nonmandatory) to define their application. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CSA/ANSI/IGSHPA C448.10:25 - Installation of direct exchange heat pump systems Scope

1.1 General
This Standard applies to direct exchange ground source heat pumps for systems using ground heat exchangers as a thermal source or sink for heating and cooling, with or without a supplementary heating source.

1.2 Installation inclusions
This Standard applies to new and retrofit installations.

1.3 Requirement inclusions
This Standard covers the minimum requirements for site surveys, material selections, installation, testing and verification, documentation, commissioning, and decommissioning.

1.4 Application inclusions
This Standard applies to commercial, institutional, and residential applications.

1.5 Dual measurements
The values given in SI units are the units of record for the purposes of this Standard. The values given in parentheses are for information and comparison only.

1.6 Terminology
In this Standard, "shall" is used to express a requirement, i.e., a provision that the user is obliged to satisfy in order to comply with the standard; "should" is used to express a recommendation or that which is advised but not required; and "may" is used to express an option or that which is permissible within the limits of the standard. Notes accompanying clauses do not include requirements or alternative requirements; the purpose of a note accompanying a clause is to separate from the text explanatory or informative material. Notes to tables and figures are considered part of the table or figure and may be written as requirements. Annexes are designated normative (mandatory) or informative (nonmandatory) to define their application.